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Chemical Process Technology

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Wednesday, December 7, 2011

Plate fin heat exchangers (PFHE) is compact, low weight and high effectiveness are widely used in cryogenic applications. Normally PFHE is made of a stack of corrugated fins alternating with nearly equal number of flat separators known as parting sheets, bonded together to form a monolithic block. Feed and exit headers are welded to provide the necessary interface with the inlet and the exit streams. While aluminum is the most commonly used material, stainless steel construction is employed in high pressure and high temperature applications.


This following thesis "Design of Compact Plate Fin Heat Exchanger" by JAINENDER DEWATWAL is rather interesting for those who would like to have brief idea about PFHE and methodology for PFHE calculation. Several correlations such as MANGAHANIC, WIETING, JOSHI &WEB, DEEPAK & MAITY have been used in the calculation. For those who are new in PFHE design, this may be good source to start...

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posted by Webworm, 5:09 AM | link | 2 Comments |

Monday, August 23, 2010

A brazed aluminium plate-fin heat exchanger consists of a block (core) of alternating layers (passages) of corrugated fins. The layers are separated from each other by parting sheets and sealed along the edges by means of side bars, and are provided with inlet and outlet ports for the streams. The block is bounded by cap sheets at the top and bottom. An illustration of a multi-stream plate-fin heat exchanger is shown below image.




The Standards of the Brazed Aluminium Plate-Fin Heat Exchanger Manufacturers' Association (ALPEMA) is the result of the work by a technical committee of all the Members to meet the objective of the Association to promote the quality and safe use of this type of heat exchanger. The Standards contain all relevant information for the specification, procurement, and use of Brazed Aluminium Plate-Fin Heat Exchangers. The First Edition was published in 1994, has proved extremely successful and popular. Changes in the industry, experience with using the Standards and feedback from users has resulted released of Second Edition. Now the 3rd edition of Standards of the Brazed Aluminium Plate-Fin Heat Exchanger Manufacturers' Association (ALPEMA) is available at IHI.


Also visit ALPEMA.

For second edition, you may still download here.

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posted by Webworm, 8:16 AM | link | 1 Comments |

Sunday, July 11, 2010

Main Cryogenic heat exchanger (MCHE) is one of key equipment in natural gas liquefaction (LNG) plant. MCHE used in liquefaction of natural gas having some special characteristic :
  • Intensive/excessive heat exchange (230 - 400 kW / ton LNG)
  • Complex heat transfer - Heat transfer from one (or several) very high pressure natural gas stream to one or several low pressure refrigerant streams
  • Thermal stress/shock - Very large temperature difference between inlet (40 degC) and outlet temperature (-162 degC)
  • Operate at very low temperature (-162 degC)
  • High heat transfer efficiency - Very low temperature approach (2-3 degC) to maximize heat transfer per unit area
  • Involve phase change and risk of phase separation and proper distribution
  • High risk of leakage and safety related issue
  • High risk of blockage/plugging
  • Lightweight & easy transportation



Two type of compact MCHE widely used in LNG plant. There are Plate-Fin Heat Exchanger and Coil (Spiral) Wound Heat Exchanger. Below images are typical CWHE and PFHE.


CWHE

CWHE is coils/tubes wound in spiral around a mandrel and all coils / tubes are contains within a pressure vessel. Multiple coils/tube in bundle can be flew simultaneously within the pressure vessel.



PFHE

PFHE is corrugated or serrated plate stacking on each and others to creates cross and/or counter flow paths to allow heat transfer of multiple fluids.

Although both type of HE have been widely used, CWHE and PFHE have their own special features and advantages. Below are simple comparison between both CWHE and PFHE.

FeaturesCoil Wound Heat Exchanger (CWHE) Plate-Fin Heat Exchanger (PFHE)
CompactnessCompact Extremely compact
Heat Transfer area (m²/m³) 20 - 300300 - 1400
Flow type in heat transferCross-CounterCross and/or Counter
Flow patternSingle and/or two phasesSingle and/or two phases
Flow streamsSingle or MultipleSingle or Multiple
ConfigurationSingle or multiple coil-in-vessel unitMultiple plate-fin units
Flow path8-12mm tube1-2 mm flow channel
Risk of contaminant built-upLess (smooth tube surface)More (multiple channels / cores increase crevices)
Risk of PluggingLowerHigher
Thermal Stress ResistanceHigher (tube robustness & flexibility)Lower (plate fin inflexible)
Risk of Thermal StressLowerHigher
Gas/Liquid distributionLess mal-distribution (single flow channel)Higher mal-distribution (multiple unit in parallel)
Risk of Thermal ShockLowerHigher (mal-distribution lead to imbalance heat transfer)
SafetyLower (tube contains within pressurized vessel - natural gas leaks to vessel)Higher (natural gas leaks to atmosphere)
AvailabilityHigher (production continue with some tube leaks until next shutdown)Lower (immediate production shutdown when leaks occur)
TransportationReasonable easy (with multiple bundles)Easy (Multiple units)
MaterialAluminum / Stainless Steel / Carbon Steel / Others AlloyAluminum
CostHigherLower


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posted by Webworm, 3:08 AM | link | 0 Comments |

Friday, July 20, 2007


If you plant / maintenance engineers, you probably interested to the following articles...

POLARIS, a Heat Exchanger manufacturer from Denmark. POLARIS supply Plate-and-Frame, Brazed, Safety-Pair Double-Wall Plate, Semi-Welded Plate and Free-Flow Plate Heat Exchangers.
FREE Operation and Maintenance Manual Available for download from POLARIS

Simpel operation guideline presented in the manual for Brazed Heat Exchanger. It covers how a brazed heat exchanger is operated, application, specification and advantages of brazed heat exchanger, installation guide, start-up & shutdown as well as cleaning procedures.

Plate-and-Frame Heat Exchanger Operation and Maintenance Manual
This manual briefly discusses a Plate Heat Exchanger Construction, function and characteristic, the gasket design, installation and start up procedures, maintenance & cleaning procedures.
Further reading...









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posted by Webworm, 8:20 AM | link | 0 Comments |

Saturday, June 30, 2007


Compact Heat Exchanger
This article contains brief introductary description to several types of compact heat exchnager such as Plate Heat Exchanger, Plate-Fin heat Exchanger, Spiral Heat Exchanger, Printed Circuit Heat Exchanger, Plate and Shell Heat Exchanger and Polymer Heat Exchanger, followedby construction information, construction material, operating limits and principal application.
NTNU




Further reading











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posted by Webworm, 8:32 AM | link | 0 Comments |

Thursday, June 21, 2007


Plate heat exchanger - Remove some plates...will the pressure drop across the exchanger increase or decrease ?
In a Plate heat exchangers, there are number of plates for the 'hot' fluid and given number of plates for the 'cold' fluid. The cold fluid flows through the cold layers in a parallel type arrangement, same for the hot fluid. The hot fluid layers are typically laid counter-current to the cold layers. By removing plates, you will effectively be reducing the free flow area. This will increase the velocity, which is proportional to the square root of the pressure drop, it is anticipated an increase in pressure drop.







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posted by Webworm, 6:43 AM | link | 0 Comments |

Friday, June 15, 2007






API Heat Transfer founded in 1947 in North America, a manufacturer for varieties of heat exchangers include Airtech Basco and Schmidt Bretten ...



HEAT EXCHANGERS...
Basco Type 500 Shell & Tube Heat Exchangers
Basco/Whitlock Hub-Design Heat Exchangers
Basco/Whitlock U-Tube Heat Exchangers
Basco Type OP Heat Exchangers
Basco PLAC Shell & Tube Heat Exchanger
Basco Type ES Extended Surface Plate Fin Heat Exchanger
API Basco Engineered Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers
Shell & Tube product literature & brochures
Airtech Aluminum Air-Cooled Heat Exchangers
Airtech Aluminum Fan-Cooled Heat Exchangers
Airtech PCR Aluminum Heat Exchangers
Air cooled product literature & brochures
Schmidt-Bretten Gasketed Plate Heat Exchangers
Semi-Welded Plate Heat Exchangers
Welded Plate Heat Exchangers
Schmidt-Bretten Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers
PHE literature & brochures
Thermal System literature & brochures

MANUAL...
Basco Type ES Installation & Maintenance Guide

Plate and Frame Heat Exchanger Installation and Maintenance Manual
Airtech Air Cooled Installation, Operating & Maintenance Instructions

ANIMATION...
Animation of Basco Type ES Disassembly
Gasketed Plate and Frame Heat Exchanger Animation




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posted by Webworm, 5:56 AM | link | 0 Comments |

Thursday, June 14, 2007

Brazed Plate Heat Exchanger...Have you ever use it ?


Two independent fluids flowing in alternate layers at opposite directions (counter flow) to enhance heat exchange. Special designed corrugated plates to increase the heat transfer coefficient and lower potential fouling. They are brazed in a vacuum furnace and helium pressure tested to insure leak-free performance.


GEA FlatPlate™ ... A well known Brazed Plate Heat Exchanger...



Uniqueness...
High Efficiency
The embossed pattern of the heat transfer plates promotes high turbulence turbulence at low fluid velocities. The high turbulence results in very high heat transfer coefficients.
Compact Size
The WCR brazed plate heat exchanger requires less floor space due to the high thermal efficiency of the stainless steel plates as compared to other types of heat exchangers. The plates are brazed together at high temperatures, allowing the heat exchanger to be compact, leak tight, and rugged. the WCR brazed heat exchanger can be anywhere from 50% to 80% smaller than other types of heat exchangers.
Close Approach Temperatures
Close-approach temperatures of 1-2°F (0.5-1.0°C) are possible because of true counter flow and high heat transfer efficiency of the plates. This is an important factor in regeneration and heat recovery processes.
High Temperature and Pressure Ratings
Maximum working pressures from 300 psi to 650 psi, and temperature ratings of 350°F.

FlatPlateSELECT™ - Selection Software Available from GEA...

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posted by Webworm, 6:02 AM | link | 0 Comments |