Chemical & Process Technology

Cooling Tower is widely used in Refinery and PetroChemical Industry to remove heat from process system and rejected heat into atmospheric which act as natural heat sink. There are many useful articles related to Cooling Tower and tabulated below for access.

SPX Cooling Technologies

A cooling tower is a specialized heat exchanger in which two fluids (air and water) are brought into direct contact with each other to affect the transfer of heat.


ClearSky™ Plume Abatement Brochure (New)
Marley ClearSky™ Plume Abatement System is a ground-breaking approach to the reduction of cooling plumes. Employing leading-edge technology, not only does ClearSky provide the proven performance you need—including design flexibility—but it can also lower installation and operating costs. In fact ClearSky has simply the best value proposition in plume abatement—it can even be installed into existing cooling tower applications, negating the need for complete system replacement.

If you are professional engineer, fresh engineer or student and working or interested in COOLING TOWER thermal design, "Cooling Tower Thermal Design Manual" one of the FREE e-manual that you shall not miss. It available FREE for browsing and provided by Daeil Aqua, a specialist company in cooling tower design.

Cooling Tower Fundamentals
SPX Cooling Technologies

Cooling Tower Fundamentals is devoted to the implementation of water cooling systems which satisfy design and environmental requirements with sound engineering and responsible cost.

Wet Cooling Tower : Rule-of-Thumbs, Design & Simulation
U.S Dept. of Energy

A survey of wet cooling tower literature was performed to develop a simplified method of cooling tower design and simulation for use in power plant cycle optimization. In the report the theory of heat exchange in wet cooling towers is briefly summarized. The Merkel equation (the fundamental equation of heat transfer in wet cooling towers) is presented and discussed. The cooling tower fill constant (Ka) is defined and values derived. A rule-of-thumb design information useful in power plant cycle optimization, including tower dimensions, water consumption rate, exit air temperature, power requirements and construction cost. In addition, a method for simulation of cooling tower performance at various operating conditions is presented. This information is also useful in power plant cycle evaluation. Using the information presented in this report, it will be possible to incorporate wet cooling tower design and simulation into a procedure to evaluate and optimize power plant cycles.

Cooling Tower Basic Control System Manual (Updated)
SPX Cooling Technologies
Factory Installation, Field Connection, Operation, Parts List, Maintenance, and Troubleshooting Manual

Cooling Tower Energy and Its Management
SPX Cooling Technologies
Because of the fuel shortages which began to manifest themselves in the early 1970s, the cost of energy began its asymptotic rise. Current general awareness of the energy problem has made the quest for improved energy efficiency seem to be an effort that is in its infancy.

Cooling Towers and Salt Water
SPX Cooling Technologies
For cooling tower service, any circulating water with more than 750 parts per million chloride expressed as NaCl is generally considered as salt water. However, the effects of chlorides will be much less severe at 750 ppm than they will at higher concentrations.

Corrosion Protection for Cooling Towers
SPX Cooling Technologies
The forces of corrosion (as the term is being used in this paper) are those elements or compounds whose natural tendency is to chemically or electrolytically react with a metal, given the opportunity and a proper set of circumstances.

How to Keep Cooling Towers Running Strong
SPX Cooling Technologies
Part one of a guide to cooling tower maintenance, focuses on the mechanical aspects of cooling towers. Written by Ken Mortensen, SPX Cooling Technologies. RSES Journal, April 2003.

How to Manage Cooling Tower Water Quality
SPX Cooling Technologies
Part two of a series on cooling towers, reviews the importance of water management, treatment and system monitoring for peak performance. Written by Ken Mortensen, SPX Cooling Technologies. RSES Journal, May 2003.

A Comprehensive Approach to the Analysis of Cooling Tower Performance
SPX Cooling Technologies
The generally accepted concept of cooling tower performance was developed by Merkel in 1925. The Merkel Equation combines the sensible and latent heat transfer into an overall process based on enthalpy potential as the driving force.

Application of Cooling Towers for Free Cooling
SPX Cooling Technologies
The use of Marley towers in free cooling applications extends back at least 30 years, during which time Marley-manufactured crossflow, counterflow, induced draft, and forced draft towers were so applied.

Risk management methodologies for control of legionella in cooling towers Australian Institute of Refrigeration Air Conditioning
Cooling towers have been refined to be highly efficient at heat rejection. They are widely used throughout the world from tropical to temperate climates wherever a source of water is available. Installations range in size from units at shops, restaurants and offices to large power generating stations. As with all mechanical devices, cooling towers require routine servicing of the moving parts, regular cleaning and close monitoring if they are to operate satisfactorily. Regulatory authorities recognise that cooling towers, if not operated and maintained correctly, present a Legionnaires’ disease hazard. The risk of disease has been listed under five critical risk categories:

* Stagnant water
* Nutrient availability
* Poor water quality
* Deficiencies in the cooling water system
* Location and access of the cooling tower

A Universal Engineering Model For Cooling Towers
NTU
This paper presents a universal engineering model, which can be used to formulate both counterflow and crossflow cooling towers. By using fundamental laws of mass and energy balance, the effectiveness of heat exchange is approximated by a second order polynomial equation. Gauss-Newton and Levenberg-Marquardt methods are then used to determine the coefficients from manufactures data. Compared with the existing models, the new model has two main advantages: (1) As the engineering model is derived from engineering perspective, it involves fewer input variables and has better description of the cooling tower operation; (2) There is no iterative computation required, this feature is very important for online optimization of cooling tower performance. Although the model is simple, the results are very accurate. Application examples are given to compare the proposed model with commonly used models.

Improving Cooling Tower Performance for Sustainable Refrigeration
The Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers
This paper describes the system advantages of rejecting low grade condenser heat through latent means both in capital and energy terms. It also describes how tower packings may be evaluated for optimum behaviour in terms of heat transfer achieved and energy wasted. Experimental investigations are described which have led to new correlation techniques allowing packings to be modelled mathematically. The techniques described will allow building services engineers to analyse and design more sustainable systems for heat rejection.

Cooling tower Wastewater Management and Disposal
Dept of Water, Wertern Australia
This note provides a general guide on issues of environmental concern and offers potential solutions based on professional judgment and precedent.
This note applies to the management and discharge of cooling-tower wastewater from refrigerated or evaporative air-conditioning systems. It has particular relevance to office cooling-tower systems.

Best practice guidelines for cooling towers in commercial buildings
Sydney water
This guideline is mean for commercial building. However, the guideline presented here may be adopted in Oil and gas.
In implementing these Guidelines it would be advisable to consult with your maintenance personnel and water treatment specialist to help ensure a co-ordinated approach to achieving optimum savings in the water used in your cooling towers.

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